111 Tips for Home Health Emergencies - References

111 Tips for Home Health Emergencies - References 

REFERENCES

ACTION IN AN EMERGENCY

1. Calling for help

Mahama MN, Kenu E, Bandoh DA, et al. Emergency response time and pre-hospital trauma survival rate of the national ambulance service, Greater Accra (January - December 2014). BMC Emerg Med. 2018 Oct 3;18(1):33.

2. Checking vital signs

Vital Signs. Available at https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/vital-signs-body-temperature-pulse-rate-respiration-rate-blood-pressure. Last accessed Oct 2019.

3. Fire

Home Fires. Available at https://www.ready.gov/home-fires. Last accessed Oct 2019.

4. Electrical shock

Electrical Shock: First Aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-electrical-shock/basics/art-20056695. Last accessed Oct 2019.

5. Drowning

Szpilman D, et al. Drowning. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012; 366:2102-2110, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1013317.

Kids Can Drown Even After Leaving the Pool — How to Avoid It. Available at https://health.clevelandclinic.org/kids-can-drown-even-after-leaving-the-pool/. Last accessed Oct 2019.

UNRESPONSIVENESS

6. Evaluating someone who is unresponsive

Loss of Responsiveness. Available at http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/loss-of-responsiveness.aspx. Last accessed Oct 2019.

7. The recovery position

The Recovery Position. Available at http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/first-aid-techniques/the-recovery-position.aspx. Last accessed Oct 2019.

First Aid: Positioning the Ill or Injured. Available at https://eccguidelines.heart.org/circulation/aha-red-cross-first-aid-guidelines/part-15-first-aid/. Last accessed Oct 2019.

8. Effective CPR

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Adult Basic Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality: Adult BLS Sequence. Available at https://eccguidelines.heart.org/circulation/cpr-ecc-guidelines/part-5-adult-basic-life-support-and-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation-quality/. Last accessed Oct 2019.

9. CPR for adults and children

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm—2015 Update. Available at https://eccguidelines.heart.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/BLS-Adult-Cardiac-Arrest-Algorithm---2015-Update.pdf. Last accessed Oct 2019.

What to look for - Unresponsive and not breathing child. Available at http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/first-aid-for-parents/unresponsive-not-breathing/child.aspx. Last accessed Oct 2019.

10. CPR for babies

What to look for - Unresponsive not breathing baby. Available at http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/first-aid-for-parents/unresponsive-not-breathing/baby.aspx. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600. Last accessed Oct 2019.

BREATHING DIFFICULTIES

11. A choking adult or child

Learn first aid for a child who is choking. Available at https://www.redcross.org.uk/first-aid/learn-first-aid-for-babies-and-children/choking-child. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Choking: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-choking/basics/art-20056637. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Choking. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/first-aid/choking. Last accessed Oct 2019.

12. A choking baby

Choking: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-choking/basics/art-20056637. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Baby choking - first aid for parents. Available at http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/first-aid-for-parents/choking---for-parents/choking-baby.aspx. Last accessed Oct 2019.

13. If you are choking

Heimlich maneouver on self. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001983.htm. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Choking: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-choking/basics/art-20056637. Last accessed Oct 2019.

14. Suffocation and strangulation

What is SIDS? Available at https://www.ispid.org/infantdeath/. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Moon RY, Darnall RA, Feldman-Winter L, et al. SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2016 Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment. Pediatrics Nov 2016. 138(5). pii: e20162938.

Moon RY, Darnall RA, Feldman-Winter L, et al. SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Evidence Base for 2016 Updated Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment. Pediatrics Nov 2016. 138(5). pii: e20162940.

Suffocation, Choking and Strangulation. Available at https://www.ncfrp.org/reporting/suffocation-choking-and-strangulation/. Last accessed Oct 2019.

15. Fume inhalation

Carbon Monoxide poisoning. Available at http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/poisoning/carbon-monoxide-poisoning.aspx. Last accessed Oct 2019.

What to Do When You or Someone You Know May Have Breathed in Too Much Smoke. Available at https://www.healthline.com/health/smoke-inhalation. Last accessed Oct 2019.

16. Croup

Croup in children. Available at http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/first-aid-for-parents/croup.aspx. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Croup. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/croup/symptoms-causes/syc-20350348. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of croup. 2008 update. Alberta Medical Association. 2011. Available at https://drbronquio.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/guia-laringitis-aguda.pdf. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Zoorob R, Sidani M, Murray J. Croup: an overview. American Family Physician. 2011; 83(9):1067-73 (ISSN: 1532-0650).

Tibballs J, Watson T. Symptoms and signs differentiating croup and epigottitis. Journal of Pediatric Child Health. 2011; 47(3):77-82 (ISSN: 1440-1754).

Murphy TV, White KE, Pastor P, et el. Declining incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease since introduction of vaccination. JAMA. 1993; 269(2):246-8 (ISSN: 0098-7484).

17. Asthma

Asthma. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20369653. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Asthma attack. Available at http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/illnesses-and-conditions/asthma-attack.aspx. Last accessed Oct 2019.

BURNS AND SCALDS

18. Minor burns

Burns: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-burns/basics/art-20056649. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Burns and scalds. Available at http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/hot-and-cold-conditions/burns-and-scalds.aspx. Last accessed Oct 2019.

19. Major burns

Schraga, ED. Emergent Management of Thermal Burns. Aug 10, 2017. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769193-overview. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Burns: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-burns/basics/art-20056649. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Burns and scalds. Available at http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/hot-and-cold-conditions/burns-and-scalds.aspx. Last accessed Oct 2019.

20. Electrical burns

Electrical burns: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-electrical-burns/basics/art-20056687. Last accessed Oct 2019.

21. Chemical burns to the skin

Chemical burns: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-chemical-burns/basics/art-20056667. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Chemical Eye Burns. Available at https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/chemical-eye-burns#1. Last accessed Oct 2019.

22. Chemical burns to the eye

Chemical splash in the eye. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-eye-emergency/basics/art-20056647. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Murchison AP. Burns to the Eye. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/injuries-to-the-eye/burns-to-the-eye. Last accessed Oct 2019.

WOUNDS AND BLEEDING

23. Cuts and abrasions

Cuts and scrapes: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cuts/basics/art-20056711. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Cuts and grazes. Available at http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/bleeding/cuts-and-grazes.aspx. Last accessed Oct 2019.

24. Stitches

Does my cut need stitches? Available at https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/accidents-first-aid-and-treatments/does-my-cut-need-stitches/. Last accessed Nov 2019.

Do I Need Stitches? How to Tell If You Need Medical Care. Available at https://www.healthline.com/health/when-to-get-stitches. Last accessed Nov 2019.

25. Blisters

Blisters: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-blisters/basics/art-20056691. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Blisters. Available at http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/skin/blisters.aspx. Last accessed Oct 2019.

26. Infected wounds

Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2014 Jul 15; 59(2): e10-52.

Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, et al. (February 2013). "Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012". Critical Care Medicine41 (2): 580–637.

27. Embedded objects

Foreign object in the skin: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid/basics/art-20056604. Last accessed Oct 2019.

28. Severe bleeding

Severe bleeding: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-severe-bleeding/basics/art-20056661. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Ross EM, Mapp JG, Redmann TT, et al. The Tourniquet Gap: A Pilot Study of the Intuitive Placement of Three Tourniquet Types by Laypersons. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2018 Mar; 54(3):307-314. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.09.011.

29. Shock

Shock: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-shock/basics/art-20056620. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Shock. Available at http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/first-aid-advice/heart/shock.aspx. Last accessed Oct 2019.

30. Amputation

Traumatic amputation. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000006.htm. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Accidental Amputation. Available at https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/accidental-amputation. Last accessed Oct 2019.

31. Crush injury

Bleeding. Available at https://www.stjohn.org.nz/first-aid/first-aid-library/bleeding/#Crush%20injury. Last accessed Oct 2019.

First Aid for Crush Injury. Available at https://www.dovemed.com/healthy-living/first-aid/first-aid-crush-injury/. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Greaves I, Porter K, Smith JE. Consensus Statement on The Early Management of Crush Injury and Prevention Of Crush Syndrome. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 2003; 149: 255-259.

32. Compartment syndrome

Compartment Syndrome. Available at https://www.realfirstaid.co.uk/crushinjury. Last accessed Oct 2019.

33. Knife and bullet wounds

Buys L. The Illustrated South African First Aid Manual. Nov 2015. Available at https://www.health24.com/Medical/First-aid/Wounds-and-bleeding/first-aid-for-gunshot-wounds-20151124. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Shock: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-shock/basics/art-20056620. Last accessed Oct 2019.

34. Sucking chest wound

What Is a Sucking Chest Wound and How’s It Treated? Available at https://www.healthline.com/health/sucking-chest-wound#first-aid. Last accessed Oct 2019.

35. Abdominal wound

Abdominal Injuries. Available at https://www.stjohn.org.nz/First-Aid/First-Aid-Library/Abdominal-Injuries/. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Caring for Abdominal trauma. Available at http://firstaidandcprcourses.ca/caring-abdominal-trauma/. Last accessed Oct 2019.

HEAD AND FACE

36. Head injury

Head trauma: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-head-trauma/basics/art-20056626. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Minor head injury. Available at https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/minor-head-injury#treating-minor-head-injuries. Last accessed Oct 2019.

37. Scalp wound

Does my cut need stitches? Available at https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/accidents-first-aid-and-treatments/does-my-cut-need-stitches/. Last accessed Oct 2019.

38. Nosebleed

Nosebleeds: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-nosebleeds/basics/art-20056683. Last accessed Oct 2019.

39. Nose or cheekbone injury

First Aid for Broken Nose. Available at https://www.dovemed.com/healthy-living/first-aid/first-aid-broken-nose/. Last accessed Oct 2019.

Facial Fracture Treatment. Available at https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/facial-fracture-treatment. Last accessed Oct 2019.

40. Jaw injury

Broken or dislocated jaw. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000019.htm. Last accessed Nov 2019.

41. Dental trauma

Tooth loss: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-tooth-loss/basics/art-20056635. Last accessed Nov 2019.

42. Eyelid infections

Dahl AA, Stöppler MC. Sty (Stye). Available at https://www.emedicinehealth.com/sty/article_em.htm#what_is_a_stye. Last accessed Nov 2019.

Chalazion. Available at https://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/eye-and-vision-problems/glossary-of-eye-and-vision-conditions/chalazion. Last accessed Nov 2019.

Blepharitis. Available at https://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/eye-and-vision-problems/glossary-of-eye-and-vision-conditions/blepharitis. Last accessed Nov 2019.

43. Burst eardrum

Perforate (Ruptured) Eardrum Facts. Available at https://www.emedicinehealth.com/perforated_eardrum/article_em.htm#perforated_ruptured_eardrum_facts. Last accessed Nov 2019.

Ruptured Eardrom. Available at https://canadianfirstaidcourses.ca/ruptured-eardrum/. Last accessed Nov 2019.

44. Mouth wound

Mouth and Tooth Injuries. Available at https://www.stjohn.org.nz/First-Aid/First-Aid-Library/Mouth-and-Tooth-Injuries/. Last accessed Nov 2019.

Mouth Wounds (Stitches, Treatments in Adults and Children). Available at https://www.emedicinehealth.com/mouth_wounds_and_treatments_in_adults_and_children/article_em.htm#mouth_wounds_and_stitches_in_adults_and_children. Last accessed Nov 2019.

BONE, JOINT AND MUSCLE INJURIES

45. The PRICE technique

Treatment. Sports Injuries. Available at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sports-injuries/treatment/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

46. Bruises and swelling

Bruise: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-bruise/basics/art-20056663. Last accessed Nov 2019.

47. Cramps

Muscle Cramps (Muscle Spasm). Available at https://www.emedicinehealth.com/muscle_cramps/article_em.htm#what_causes_muscle_cramps. Last accessed Nov 2019.

http://www.ehsdb.com/first-aid---muscle-cramp.php

Claudication. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/claudication/symptoms-causes/syc-20370952. Last accessed Nov 2019.

48. Fractures

Fractures (broken bones). Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-fractures/basics/art-20056641. Last accessed Nov 2019.

49. Dislocations

Dislocation: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-dislocation/basics/art-20056693. Last accessed Nov 2019.

50. Neck or spinal injury

Spinal injury: First aid. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-spinal-injury/basics/art-20056677. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Spinal Injury. Available at https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/bones-and-muscle-injuries/spinal-injury/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

51. Pelvic or femoral injury

Pelvic Injury. Available at https://www.realfirstaid.co.uk/pelvis. Last accessed Nov 2019.

Scott I, Porter K, Laird C, et al. The Pre-hospital Management of Pelvic Fractures: Initial Consensus Statement. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2013. 30(12) 1070-1072. Available at http://prehospitalresearch.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013-12-Pelvic-Consensus.pdf. Last accessed Nov 2019.

Two methods of Improvising a Pelvic Splint. Available at https://www.realfirstaid.co.uk/pelvic-splint. Last accessed Nov 2019.

Femur Fracture Complications: First Aid for Broken Femur Bone. Available at https://www.simple-remedies.com/muscle-joints-bone-disorders/femur-fracture-complications.html. Last accessed Nov 2019.

52. Broken hip in the elderly

Broken Hip Treatment. Available at https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/broken-hip-treatment. Last accessed Nov 2019.

Hip Fracture in Emergency Medicine. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/825363-overview. Last accessed Nov 2019.

53. Knee injury

Basic First Aid for Knee Injuries. Available at https://firstaidsaskatoon.ca/basic-first-aid-knee-injuries/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Knee Pain — When to See A Doctor. available at https://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/sport-injuries/knee-pain/knee-pain-when-should-i-see-a-doctor-physio. Last accessed Dec 2019.

54. Ankle injury

Sprain: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-sprain/basics/art-20056622. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Sprained Ankle. Available at https://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/sport-injuries/ankle-pain/acute-ankle-injuries/sprained-ankle. Last accessed Dec 2019.

First Aid for Achilles Injuries. Available at https://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/sport-injuries/ankle-pain/achilles-pain/first-aid-for-achilles-injuries#first. Last accessed Dec 2019.

55. Collarbone injury

Broken Collarbone treatment. Available at https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pdfguides/first_aid/broken-collarbone-treatment-61788.pdf. Last accessed Dec 2019.

First Aid Treatment for a Broken Collarbone (Clavicle). Available at https://www.firstaidforfree.com/first-aid-treatment-for-a-broken-collarbone-clavicle/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

56. Rib injury

Broken Ribs. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-ribs/symptoms-causes/syc-20350763. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Rib Fracture Clinical Presentation. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/825981-clinical#showall. Last accessed Dec 2019.

First Aid Treatment for Flail Chest. Available at https://firstaidsaskatoon.ca/first-aid-treatment-for-flail-chest/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

57. Elbow injury

Dislocated Elbow (Slipped Elbow). Available at https://www.emedicinehealth.com/elbow_dislocation/article_em.htm#facts_of_and_definition_about_a_dislocated_elbow. Last accessed Dec 2019.

58. Hand and finger injuries

Hand Injuries. Available at https://www.emedicinehealth.com/hand_injuries/article_em.htm#when_to_seek_medical_care_for_hand_injury. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Finger Injuries. https://www.emedicinehealth.com/finger_injuries/article_em.htm#when_to_seek_medical_care_for_finger_injuries. Last accessed Dec 2019.

59. Nailbed injury

Nail Injuries (Fingernail, Toenail). Available at https://www.emedicinehealth.com/nail_injuries/article_em.htm#what_is_the_medical_treatment_for_nail_injuries. Last accessed Dec 2019.

FOREIGN OBJECTS

60. Object in eye

Foreign object in the eye: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid/basics/art-20056645. Last accessed Dec 2019.

61. Object in nose

Foreign object in the nose: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid/basics/art-20056610. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Foreign Body in the Nose. Available at https://www.emedicinehealth.com/foreign_body_nose/article_em.htm#facts_on_foreign_body_in_the_nose. Last accessed Dec 2019.

62. Object in ear

Foreign object in the ear: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid/basics/art-20056709. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Foreign Body in Ear. Available at https://www.emedicinehealth.com/foreign_body_ear/article_em.htm#when_to_seek_medical_care. Last accessed Dec 2019.

63. Swallowed object

Foreign object swallowed: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid/basics/art-20056707. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Poisoning: Fist aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-poisoning/basics/art-20056657. Last accessed Dec 2019.

POISONING

64. Drug or alcohol poisoning

First Aid for Drug Overdose. Available at https://www.dovemed.com/healthy-living/first-aid/first-aid-drug-overdose/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Overdose – Drugs/Alcohol. Available at https://www.stjohn.org.nz/First-Aid/First-Aid-Library/Overdose--Drugs-and-Alcohol/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Alcohol poisoning. Available at https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/poisoning/alcohol-poisoning/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

65. Chemical poisoning

Poisoning: First Aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-poisoning/basics/art-20056657. Last accessed Dec 2019.

66. Food poisoning

Food poisoning. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Food poisoning. Available at https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/poisoning/food-poisoning/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

BITES AND STINGS

67. Animal and human bites

Animal bites: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-animal-bites/basics/art-20056591. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Human bites: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-human-bites/basics/art-20056633. Last accessed Dec 2019.

68. Snake bite

Snakebites: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-snake-bites/basics/art-20056681. Last accessed Dec 2019.

First Aid Measures for Snakebite. Available at https://www.africansnakebiteinstitute.com/snakebite/#firstaid. Last accessed Dec 2019.

69. Tick bite

African Tick Bite Fever. Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/african-tick-bite-fever. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Tick Removal. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/removing_a_tick.html. Last accessed Dec 2019.

70. Insect bites and stings

Insect bites and stings: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-insect-bites/basics/art-20056593. Last accessed Dec 2019.

How to treat insect stings. Available at https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/minor-illnesses-and-injuries/insect-stings/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

71. Jellyfish and bluebottle stings

Jellyfish stings. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jellyfish-stings/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353290. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Treating a Bluebottle Sting. Available at https://www.stjohnqld.com.au/News-And-Media/Media-Releases/2017/February/Treating-a-Bluebottle-Sting. Last accessed Dec 2019.

EXPOSURE

72. Heat exhaustion

Heat exhaustion: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-heat-exhaustion/basics/art-20056651. Last accessed Dec 2019.

73. Heatstroke

Heatstroke: First Aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-heatstroke/basics/art-20056655. Last accessed Dec 2019.

74. Heat rash

Heat Rash. Available at https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/effects-of-heat-and-cold/heat-rash/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

75. Sunburn

Sunburn. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-sunburn/basics/art-20056643. Last accessed Dec 2019.

76. Hypothermia

Hypothermia: First Aid. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-hypothermia/basics/art-20056624. Last accessed Dec 2019.

77. Frostbite

Frostbite: First aid. Available at https://duckduckgo.com/?q=frostbite+first+aid&t=osx&ia=web. Last accessed Dec 2019.

MEDICAL DISORDERS

78. Heart attack and angina

Heart attack. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-heart-attack/basics/art-20056679. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Angina Attack. Available at https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/heart-conditions/angina-attack/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Heart Attack. Available at https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/heart-conditions/heart-attack/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

79. Stroke

Stroke: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-stroke/basics/art-20056602. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Stroke. Available at https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/stroke/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

80. Diabetic emergencies

Diabetes. Available at https://www.stjohn.org.nz/first-aid/first-aid-library/diabetes/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Diabetic Emergency First Aid: What Should You Do If Someone Is Having Diabetic Emergency. Available at https://www.epainassist.com/diabetes/diabetic-emergency-first-aid. Last accessed Dec 2019.

81. Dehydration

Dehydration. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dehydration/symptoms-causes/syc-20354086. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Dehydration. Available at https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/effects-of-heat-and-cold/dehydration/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

82. Fainting

Walsh K, Hoffmayer K, Hamdan MH. Syncope: diagnosis and management. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2015 Feb. 40 (2):51-86.

Moya A, Sutton R, Ammirati F, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Our Heart J. 2009 Nov 30(21):2631-71.

83. Fever

Fever: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-fever/basics/art-20056685. Last accessed Dec 2019.

84. Febrile seizures

Febrile Seizure. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/febrile-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20372522. Last accessed Dec 2019.

85. Epileptic seizures

Seizure First Aid. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/about/first-aid.htm. Last accessed Dec 2019.

86. Allergy

Allergies. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/allergies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351497. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Allergies – overview. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000812.htm. Last accessed Dec 2019.

87. Anaphylactic shock

Anaphylaxis. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-anaphylaxis/basics/art-20056608. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Epinephrine (Injection route). Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/epinephrine-injection-route/proper-use/drg-20072429. Last accessed Dec 2019.

88. Abdominal pain

Viniol A, Keunecke C, Biroga T, et al. Studies of the symptom abdominal pain—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Family Practice, Volume 31, Issue 5, October 2014, Pages 517–529.

Dealing with Abdominal Pain. Available at https://standardfirstaidtraining.com/dealing-with-abdominal-pain/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Gastroenteritis: First Aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-gastroenteritis/basics/art-20056595. Last accessed Dec 2019.

89. Vomiting and diarrhoea

Gastroenteritis. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-gastroenteritis/basics/art-20056595. Last accessed Dec 2019.

90. Earache

Earache (Ear Pain). Available at https://www.emedicinehealth.com/earache/article_em.htm#how_can_earaches_and_ear_pain_be_prevented. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Earache. Available at https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/minor-illnesses-and-injuries/earache/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

91. Toothache

Toothache: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-toothache/basics/art-20056628. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Toothache. Available at https://www.emedicinehealth.com/toothache/article_em.htm#what_is_a_toothache. Last accessed Dec 2019.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

92. General prevention

Preventing infections when visiting. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000448.htm. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Food poisoning. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Controlling the spread of infectious diseases. Available at https://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/health-law/chapter10.pdf. Last accessed Jan 2020.

How to prevent infections. Available at https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/how-to-prevent-infections. Last accessed Jan 2020.

93. Vaccines

How does the immune system work? Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279364/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Vittorio D, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb; 2012(2): CD004407.

Making the Vaccine Decision: Addressing Common Concerns. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/why-vaccinate/vaccine-decision.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fparents%2Fvaccine-decision%2Fprevent-diseases.html. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Possible Side Effects from Vaccines. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/side-effects.htm. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Childhood vaccines: tough questions, straight answers. Available at https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/childhood-vaccines-tough-questions-straight-answers/. Last accessed Dec 2019.

Controlling the spread of infectious diseases. Available at https://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/health-law/chapter10.pdf. Last accessed Jan 2020.

94. Malaria

Malaria Prevention. Available at http://www.malaria.com/overview/malaria-prevention. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Malaria. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/malaria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351190. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Malaria Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention: Brief Guideline for UN Medical Staff. Available at https://hr.un.org/sites/hr.un.org/files/Malaria%20Guidelines_DHMOSHPH_2019-04_FINAL_0.pdf. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Choosing a Drug to Prevent Malaria. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/drugs.html. Last accessed Jan 2020.

95. Meningitis

Meningitis. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/index.html. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Meningitis in Adults. Available at https://www.emedicinehealth.com/meningitis_in_adults/article_em.htm#what_are_causes_and_risk_factors_of_meningitis_in_adults. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Meningitis. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350508. Last accessed Jan 2020.

96. HIV

HIV Basics. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/index.html. Last accessed Jan 2020.

How does HIV/AIDS affect you? Available at https://www.westerncape.gov.za/general-publication/how-does-hiv-aids-affect-you. Last accessed Jan 2020.

97. Tuberculosis

Basic TB Facts. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm. Last accessed Jan 2020.

National Tuberculosis Management Guidelines 2014. Available at https://health-e.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/NTCP_Adult_TB-Guidelines-27.5.2014.pdf. Last accessed Jan 2020.

98. Outbreaks

Green MS, Swartz T, Mayshar E, et al. When is an Epidemic an Epidemic? Israel Medical Association Journal. Jan 2002. Vol 4 (1): 3–6.

Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice: An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Third Edition. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May 2012. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/ss1978.pdf. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Emerging Infectious Diseases. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/emerginfectdiseases/default.html. Last accessed Jan 2020.

99. Parasites

What are parasitic diseases? Available at http://www.nmihi.com/infections/parasitic/. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Transmission of Parasitic Diseases. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/transmission/index.html. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Djurković-Djaković O, Bobić B, Nikolić A, et al. Pork as a source of human parasitic infection. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. July 2013. Volume 19, Issue 7, Pages 586-594.

Top Tips for Parasite Prevention: What to Avoid and Where Not to Go. Available at https://microbeformulas.com/blogs/microbe-formulas/top-tips-for-parasite-prevention-what-to-avoid-and-where-not-to-go. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Parasites - Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora Infection). Available at https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cyclosporiasis/prevent.html. Last accessed Jan 2020.

100. External parasites

Head Lice. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/head/index.html. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Scabies. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/index.html. Last accessed Jan 2020.

101. Safe water

Emergency Disinfection of Drinking Water. Available at https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/emergency-disinfection-drinking-water. Last accessed Jan 2020.

102. Safe food

4 Steps to Food Safety. Available to https://www.foodsafety.gov/keep-food-safe/4-steps-to-food-safety. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Food poisoning. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20356230. Last accessed Jan 2020.

FIRST AID KIT

103. First aid kit

What should I keep in my first aid kit? Available at https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/accidents-first-aid-and-treatments/what-should-i-keep-in-my-first-aid-kit/. Last accessed Jan 2020.

104. Oral rehydration solution

Oral Rehydration Solution. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/posters/11_229310-J_ORS_print.pdf. Last accessed Jan 2020.

WHO position paper on Oral Rehydration Salts to reduce mortality from cholera. Available at https://www.who.int/cholera/technical/en/. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Oral Rehydration Solutions: Made at Home. Available at https://rehydrate.org/solutions/homemade.htm. Last accessed Jan 2020.

105. Compresses

Ice Packs vs. Warm Compresses for Pain. Available at https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/ice-packs-vs-warm-compresses-for-pain. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Cold Compress vs. Hot Compress. Available at https://firstaidtrainingclass.ca/cold-compress-vs-hot-compress/. Last accessed Jan 2020.

106. Dressings

How to apply a dressing. Available at https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/how-to/how-to-apply-a-dressing/. Last accessed Jan 2020.

How do I apply plasters and other dressings? Available at https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/accidents-first-aid-and-treatments/how-do-i-apply-plasters-and-other-dressings/. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Surgical Site Infection: Prevention and Treatment of Surgical Site Infection. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 74. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (UK). London: RCOG Press. Oct 2008. Appendix C: Wound dressings for surgical site infection prevention.

107. Bandaging

How to bandage a wound with gauze. Available at http://woundcaresociety.org/bandage-wound-gauze. Last accessed Jan 2020.

How do I apply a bandage? Available at https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/accidents-first-aid-and-treatments/how-do-i-apply-a-bandage/. Last accessed Jan 2020.

108. Triangular bandaging

First Aid: Bandaging Technique. Available at http://firstaidtrainers.ca/first-aid-bandaging-technique/. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Dressings and Bandages. Available at https://www.stjohn.org.nz/First-Aid/First-Aid-Library/Immediate-First-Aid1/Dressings-and-Bandages/. Last accessed Jan 2020.

110. Essential over-the-counter medicines

Aspirin (Rx, OTC). Available at https://reference.medscape.com/drug/bayer-ecotrin-aspirin-343279. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Ibuprofen (Rx, OTC). Available at https://reference.medscape.com/drug/advil-motrin-ibuprofen-343289#0. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Acetaminophen (Rx, OTC). Available at https://reference.medscape.com/drug/tylenol-acetaminophen-343346#0. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Hydrocortisone topical (Rx, OTC). Available at https://reference.medscape.com/drug/westcort-locoid-hydrocortisone-topical-343522. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Chlorpheniramine (OTC). Available at (https://reference.medscape.com/drug/chlortrimeton-chlorpheniramine-343386#0.

111. Natural pain relief

Osteoarthritis Treatment & Management. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330487-treatment#d1. Last accessed Jan 2020.

McAlindon TE, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, et al. OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. March 2014. Volume 22, Issue 3, Pages 363–388.

Felson DT, Zhang Y, Anthony JM. Weight loss reduces the risk for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in women. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 116(7):535-9.

Burns: First aid. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-burns/basics/art-20056649. Last accessed Jan 2020.

Blau JN, Kell CA, Sperling, JM. Water-deprivation headache: a new headache with two variants. Headache. Jan 2004. 44(1), 79-83

GBD 2016 Headache Collaborators. “Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.” The Lancet. Neurology vol. 17,11 (2018): 954-976.

Atwood, KC 4th. Naturopathy: A Critical Appraisal. Medscape General Medicine. 2003. 5(4). Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/465994. Last accessed Jan 2020.